RTE (Ready to Eat) Cereal Industry Essay Example

RTE (Ready to Eat) Cereal Industry Paper What are the barriers to entry in the RTE (ready to eat) cereal industry? Market concentration and big players extremely powerful and profitable. Restrained competition by the big three by unwritten agreements to limit in pack premiums; tread dealing (one brand at a time for each company); and vitamin fortification Economics of scale in production and advertising Slots in the supermarket and negotiation by volume and discounts Three big cereal companies: Kellogg, General Mills and Philip Morris When: 1994 What: for the first time decrease of sales. Before this avoided destructive head to head competition. Used to be a very closed market and even considered monopolistic. Big margins, easy to negotiate and volume for retailers among other things made it difficult for new companies to enter the market. 1% of gross sales (80 millions) used for RD. Distribution to centers. Buy space at retailers (could go up to 1 million) when introducing a new brand. Expansion from 96 2000 20% by entering superstore centers (Walmart with discounts) Advertising and use of coupons ereals seen as luxury item with the high prices according to consumers. New products developed (expansion of brands or new creations). Also co-brand deals Kellogg: 35% of market share, leader. It has cereals, waffles (eggo), toaster pastries (pop-tarts) and granola bars. General Mills had 24. 3% of market share (food company). Cereal division was its largest division (30% of revenues) followed by restaurants, packaged food goods like frozen see food. Philip Morris: 60 billion consumer packaged goods company (half from food and half from beer). We will write a custom essay sample on RTE (Ready to Eat) Cereal Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on RTE (Ready to Eat) Cereal Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on RTE (Ready to Eat) Cereal Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Acquired Nabisco Quaker Oats: leader with 65% of the hot cereal industry. Ralston: pet food, batteries manufacturing (everyday and energizer), soy protein, operator of ski resorts, polymer products, etc. Produced 50% of the private label cereals. Private Label Thread Grew 50% from 91-96 (9. 2% of all cereal sales) Low price (40% less than the big 3) Offered better margins for the retailers 90s change, they used to suffer from poor quality and limited production before. Costs where cheaper because they focused on simpler cereals no R, packages also cheap. Malt-O-Meals competition of private label Is the recent decrease in profitability a temporary phenomenon or a permanent change in industry profitability? It is a permanent change thanks to the market penetration and growth the companies are having. Also it is important to mention that people, according to the text, view cereal not as a luxury item but as something basic. They rather pay less than buy for a more elaborated cereal. How should I believe Kellogg should diversify their products and make a premium line and a more basic with lower prices but with Kellogg quality.

Computer Networking essays

Computer Networking essays Networking is one of the most significant steps in the electronic evolution since the invention of the PC. A computer network is a group of connected computers that allow the sharing of information and peripherals. The most basic network is made up of two computers connected by some kind of cable in order to exchange information more quickly and efficiently. A standalone computer is very useful to many businesses, but without a network, those businesses would have to spend twice the amount of money on computerization than they would have to by implementing a network. A network allows many computers to share peripheral devices such as printers and facsimile machines. The two primary benefits of computer networks are sharing of devices and data. There are two basic types of networks: peer-to-peer and server-based. On a peer-to-peer network, any computer can act as a server to share resources with other machines and as a client to access these resources. On the other hand, server-based networks require a server computer whose job is to respond to requests for services or resources from clients elsewhere on the network. Server-based networks are used in most organizations today. There is an advantage to server-based networks such that it centralizes user accounts and eases maintenance with less need for administration. There are some disadvantages as well. Two of the largest and most common disadvantages are server failure and initial start up cost. When the server fails, the whole system is considered useless until the server is fixed. Se rvers can also be very expensive, ranging from $5000.00 to $150,000.00. Also, in order to cut down on server failure, special-purpose server software, hardware and expert staff is required. This will increase cost, but in the long run networks have proven to be very profitable by cutting down on day-to-day office expenditures. Before a server can be incorporated into a business, a netwo...

Modern Buddhism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern Buddhism - Research Paper Example Certain fragments of Buddhism became a part of the mainstream, turned into a politically correct element of Hellenic Polytheism of the postmodern age. It’s a wonder, but many forms of the modified Western Buddhism have become the norm: they are re-exported to Asia and, to some extent, change cultures in Buddhist countries. Global Buddhism was the result of western penetration in Asia and western understanding of Asia. Buddhism gradually transformed into a global intellectual and spiritual resource, open to universal use. This paper is focused on the history of Buddhism, its transformation and western variant, spiritual and political leaders. Buddhism is practiced by 6-8% of the world population, which is much inferior to Christianity (about 33%), Islam (about 18%) and Hinduism (approximately 13%). Buddhism is mostly Asian religion: 99 % of Buddhists live in Asia, in the eastern part of it. General periodization of the history of Buddhism includes 4 stages: 1) canonical Buddhis m (from its origin in the 6th millennium BC to the reign of Ashoka Maurya (3 BC)); 2) traditional or historical Buddhism (from Ashoka to the mid / late 19th century); 3) modern or revival Buddhism (from the late 19th century); and, finally, 4) global Buddhism. ... They are well distinguished if contrasted to a dynamic segment. This contrast can be seen on the example of separation of western Buddhist communities into originally born Buddhists and converts. Tension between ethnic groups and neophytes is so obvious that many suggest existence of two branches of Western Buddhism - traditional, passive Buddhism of ethnic diasporas and dynamic, active Western Buddhism of neophytes. Buddhism in Europe was popularized by the Hungarian Tibetologist Alexander Csoma de Koros (1784-1842) and French Indologist Eugene Burnouf (1801-1852). Choma de Koros was just a lone researcher. Burnouf managed to create one of the most powerful Buddhist schools in the world. Burnouf studied Mahayana, translated and published Saddharma Pundarika Sutra in 1852. His main work is Introduction to the History of Indian Buddhism (1844). It contains translations of Sanskrit texts, as well as the first characteristics of Maha-Prajna-Paramita and Lankavatara sutras. He considered that the main benefit of Buddhism study is its contrast with Christianity thanks to which we can better understand the latter. Modern Buddhism became popular and widespread in America thanks to the Beat Generation and the Hippies who happily practiced this peaceful religion. The very combination of words â€Å"Buddhistic fundamentalism† seems irrelevant: compared with the Abrahamic religions, Buddhism has no concept of dogma, orthodoxy and heresy. Buddhism has no ontological dualism of righteousness and sin and, therefore, there is no sharp division into believers and disbelievers, chosen ones and infidels; there is no division of the world into dar-al Islam and Dar al Harb (territory of peace and territory of war). Buddhism does not claim a monopoly on truth. That’s why

Culture and Health Applying Medical Anthropology Essay

Culture and Health Applying Medical Anthropology - Essay Example Examples of risk factors are: smoking, bad sexual practices and bad hygiene, while examples of protective factors are: sexual restrictions such as monogamy. It is due to these risk and protective factors that some cultures are known for some diseases, while some other cultures stand lesser risks of contracting certain types of diseases (Winkelman 20). There are some environmental and social conditions that affect the health of my community, Montclair, New Jersey. One of the environmental conditions that have had a negative impact on New Jersey is traffic congestion. This is due to the increase in the volume of vehicles that ply the Montclair route from time to time. The effect that the increased volume of vehicles in the city has on the health of the residents of the city is that it makes them have climate-related health problems. The emission of greenhouse gases by these vehicles causes air pollution and the effect is that it would alter the balance of the climate in the region and the world at large (Silver 27-29). It has also been observed that the number of smokers in the city have increased rapidly. Smokers stand the risk of contracting heart related diseases and could also get diseases that would affect some vital organs of their body.

Implementation of EMS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implementation of EMS - Essay Example Christopher Sheldon & Mark Yoxon have made seminal contributions in this field and have laid down in a readily intelligible jargon-less manner all that a management needs to know and do to implement an effective EMS. (Sheldon, Christopher & Yoxon, Mark, 1999) International Standards Organisation had first put forward in 1996 ISO 14001 EMS standards which have been further updated in 2004. (International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), 1996) Though it is accepted worldwide to be the common standard, it has no legal mandate, that is, if a company does not implement these standards, ISO per se has no authority to force its implementation. But governments all over the world have passed laws and issued guidelines (Environmental Protection Department, 1995) urging and ensuring that refineries do indeed follow them. The consumers and end users too are favouring those companies who are actively trying to reduce environmental pollution, so it is becoming increasingly beneficial for oil refineries to implement EMS. But many of those who are actually working on the shop floor are not aware of the extent of pollution an oil refinery causes. The wastewater generated during the refining process teems with both organic and inorganic pollutants so much so that it cannot be directly released into a flowing river or sea without causing an environmental catastrophe of sorts. A lot has been written on how this wastewater needs to be treated and experts are of the opinion it requires both time and a lot of waste land to prepare a wetlands system which consistently reduces the level pollutants in the wastewater generated during refining. (Muhammad, 2006). Consultants the world over feel the entire rank and file of an organisation need to be involved in this process and for that there is the need of assigning this responsibility to a person belonging to senior management to ensure availability of unhindered co-operation from all departments and corporate funds. It is a common trend to call such a person "G reen Manager". (Corporate Environmental Management Section, 1996) . Dow Chemicals Pacific has its Environment, Health and Safety Director as its Green Manager. Marks and Spencer has appointed its Director of Corporate Affairs as its Green Manager. The basic responsibility of a Green Manager includes: Ensuring all employees receive adequate training to implement EMS guidelines at their workplaces Ensuring in gradual reduction of Environmental liability resulting in a better public image and, in some cases, reduced insurance premiums Ensuring cost savings through better monitored consumption of raw materials and power and properly harnessing the benefits of consequent reduced levels of waste management Remaining aware and taking benefit of all governmental incentives available for organisations conforming to environmental guidelines Opening and maintaining channels of communication with all levels of staff to inform the progress and status organisational complicity with environmental legislations and inviting suggestions from them (Welford, R. & Gouldson, A., 1993) The Green

Behaviour Management of Crying Toddler in Dentistry

Behaviour Management of Crying Toddler in Dentistry Management of Sobbing Tot In A Pediatric Dental Office- A Review ABSTRACT The most common way by which child expresses fear and anxiety is by crying at dental office. Proper knowledge and understanding is required to deliver effective dental treatment to a child by the application of various behavioral management techniques. Treating a crying child is one of the most demanding and tiring situation encountered in dentistry. Behavior management in a crying child is a comprehensive continuous methodology targeted to build relationship between child, parent and doctor aimed at eliminating fear and anxiety and ultimately building trust. This article was aimed to review the various reasons for stimulation of cry of child in dental office and behavior techniques employed by the dentist for proper management of the child. Key Words-Anxiety, Behavior Management, Fear INTRODUCTION Behavior management is a comprehensive continous methodology targeted to build relationship between child, parent and doctor aimed at eliminating fear and anxiety and ultimately building trust. As most of the young children do not cooperate during dental procedures, thus a dentist plays a crucial role to forestall a positive dental attitude, to guide the child through their dental experience and to perform quality treatment safely. 1 Children and young adults and indeed all patients, exhibit some form of anxiety or fear when about to receive dental care. Many factors have been proposed as contributory to children’s anxiety about dental procedures which include the dental clinic environment, equipments, past dental treatment experience and the attitude of the dental staff. To address these causative factors, various behavior management strategies are being practiced which including verbal and non- verbal communication, tell show do distraction , presence or absence of parents in the surgery, modeling, audio visual aids , positive reinforcement , visual aids, physical restraints, HOME(Hand over Mouth) technique, sedation, general anesthesia etc. 2 Dental anxietyand fear has been a constant dynamic of the child patient. 2 A child patient tends to be anxious and fearful during dental treatment due to previous traumatic experience in dental office or during hospitalization for other purposes. It is very difficult to carry out any dental procedure if a child is uncooperative in dental office. It is crucial that a dentist must understand and share the feelings of a child and show concern before starting any treatment.3 Treating a crying child is one of the most taxing and difficult job for a dentist due to unanticipated attitude of a child during treatment. Delivery of effective dental treatment in a crying child requires incorporation of various behavior modification techniques. Thus acquisition of skills that allow a dentist to handle such â€Å"uncontrollable† situations in the best possible way is of utmost importance. A dentist should take a child’s cry as an advantage rather than a drawback as crying is a mode of expression of the personality traits, hence should be used as a diagnostic tool.3 Dental fear and anxiety is a dilemma concerning pediatric patients, their parents, and dental professionals. Its prevalence in children and adolescents ranges from five percent to twenty percent. Fearful pediatric patients often tend to be uncooperative during dental visits. This renders treatment difficult or even impossible, causes occupational stress among dental staff, and increase the chance of discord between dental professionals and patients or their parents. Dental fear and anxiety are the main cause of dental avoidance that leads to deterioration of ones oral health and may impair ones psychosocial functioning and quality of life. 4 Dental Fear: Dental fear is defined as an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain, or harm during dental treatment. 5 It is characterized by change in body physiological symptoms due to changes in cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The response of a child usually occurs by a real or imagined threat to his own safety. The patient readies himself in a fight or flight stance to either escape the stimulus or stands and conquer it. Rachman’s model of fear acquisitioning is one of the most accepted theor, which is supported by several studies. This theory has proposed that fear might develop through three pathways: direct conditioning (classical conditioning), vicarious conditioning (modelling), and information/ instruction. The second and third pathways are manifestations of indirect fear acquisition.3 Dental Anxiety: Anxiety is a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome. Dental anxiety is defined as â€Å"an abnormal fear of visiting the dentist for any dental procedure and unjustified anxiety over dental procedures† and may have psychological, cognitive and behavioral consequences. Dental anxiety may be a problem in childhood as it is associated with poor oral health outcomes and an increased dependence on costly specialist dental services. Children who show more anxious behavior have a greater chance of having dental diseases as compared to children who are non-anxious in the dental office. Dentists need to understand the anxiety of the child and implement procedures that enhance a feeling of control which include giving child’s choices, helping within treatment or otherwise manipulating dental objects and acknowledging the child’s experience.4 Due to less communication skills exhibited by children, they are not able to properly express their fears and anxieties. When children cannot manage, they attempt to escape the upcoming event. This ultimately leads to crying of a child which also is a way of a child to show their anxiety and discomfort. 3,4 Different anxieties and fears that children have about visiting the dentist are: Mostly children are anxious during a new experience. There is uncertainty about what is going to happen which increases the child’s restlessness. Past negative experiences associated with medical treatment may be co-related with more anxiousness in dental treatment as well. Previous fearful dental visits have also been related to poor behaviour at subsequent visits. The parents who are unable to contain their own dental anxieties, make the child more conscious. Mass mediaandcartoonsalso contribute to the negative image of dentist which may lead to development of dental fear. Management of Crying child during Dental Treatment Successful treatment of a disruptive child depends partially upon selection of an appropriate behavior management technique. Each child possess different behavior pattern on visiting the dentist. For managing a child in dental office various factors have to be seen like -the type of behavior, the child’s anxiety, age of the child, child rearing techniques, personality variables, parental attitudes toward behavior management techniques, dental treatment to be rendered and the legal implications.6 Behavior management is of children in clinics is an integral part of pediatric dentistry. It is not just the application of individual technique formulated to deal with individuals but rather a comprehensive methodology meant to build a relationship between patient and dental professional. Behavior guidance is based on scientific principles but also requires skills in communication, coaching, tolerance, and active listening. The aim of the behavior management is to instill a positive dental attitude on patient, alleviate fear and anxiety, deliver quality dental care, build a trusting relationship between dentist, child, and parent and create long term interest on patient’s part so as to facilitate ongoing prevention and improved dental health in the future. Since the child may enter the dental office with some fear and anxiety, the first objective of the dentist should be to put the child at his ease and make him realize that this experience is not unusual. It is better to have morning appointments for patients and dentist should be realistic and reasonable to the child. This may help in developing a positive attitude of the child towards the dentist. Parents exert a significant influence on the behavior of their children. Most of the characteristics of the child like behavior, personality, anxiety and reaction to stress are directly influenced by parent’s characteristics. Parents should be educated before their child’s visit as it may be helpful in promoting a positive dental experience. Behavior Guidance is a continuum of interaction involving the dentist, the dental team, the patient and the parent directed towards communication and education which ultimately builds trust and allays fear and anxiety. Both non pharmacological and pharmacological behavior guidance techniques may be used by dental health care providers in providing oral health care for infants, children, adoles ­cents, and persons with special health care needs. Some of the behavior modifications techniques include:- Communication and communicative guidance First objective in successful management of a crying child is to establish communication. By involving the child in communication, the dentist not only learns about the patient but also helps in relaxing the patient. The fear and anxiety of the child demands that each step should be explained. Appropriate use of commands may help the child develop a positive attitude toward oral health Distraction Distraction is a newer method of behavior management of diverting the child’s attention from sounds or sight of dental treatment, thereby reducing anxiety. Audio or Audiovisual distraction will help in eliminating dental sounds and sight of the dental treatment, hence helping in gaining control of the child. Voice control Another modification of behavior modification in crying child is controlled alteration of voice volume, tone, or pace to influence and direct the crying child’s behavior. It helps the dentist to gain the patient’s attention and compliance and to avert negative behavior. Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement is an effective technique to reward desired behaviors and, thus, strengthen the recurrence of those behaviors. If a child stops crying or show good behavior he should be rewarded with tokens or toys. Tell-show-do Tell-show-do technique can help in modifying the behavior of a crying child. It is the cornerstone of behavior management given by Addleston in 1959. The technique involves the dentist telling the child what is going to be done in words the child can understand. Second, the dentist demonstrates the child exactly how the procedure will be conducted and then, without deviating from the explanation and demonstration, completion of the procedure. Conscious Sedation Nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation helps in providing a minimally depressed level of consciousness which helps in reducing anxiety and enhancing effective communication in a crying child. Its onset of action is rapid and the child responds appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal commands. The effects are reversible and recovery is rapid and complete. But before giving conscious sedation, proper diagnosis and treatment planning must be done. 6 Other techniques include hand-over-mouth exercise (HOME) and medical immobilization. The behaviors of the dentist and dental staff members play an important role in behavior guidance of the pediatric patient. Successful behavior management enables the oral health team to perform quality treatment safely and efficiently and to nurture a positive dental attitude in the child. 6 Knowing that pain is not the only reason for a child to cry during dental treatment will help parents and dentists to understand why a child’s behavior is managed a certain way. As the children learn to cope with the dental situation, the crying usually eases up. The learning process varies in every child. The role of the pediatric dentist is to help the child to get through his dental experiences so that the child may develop a positive attitude towards dentistry. CONCLUSION The most common emotional upsets exhibited during dental treatment are anxiety and fear and the most common way a child expresses fear is by crying at the dental ofà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ce. The pediatric dentist can use an appropriate behavior management technique to make the child cooperative throughout the dental procedure and can help the child to develop a positive attitude towards dentistry. 1

Discipleship :: Papers

Discipleship In this essay I am going to find out about Jesus' disciples, how he choose them, who they were, what sacrifices and what a disciples job is, in addition to this whether it is possible to be a disciple in the modern day. According to the Oxford Dictionary a disciple is a "follower of a leader/teacher. The first four disciples that Jesus choose were: Simon, Andrew, James and John. The story of Jesus picking them is in Mk 1: 14-20. " Jesus went to Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God "The time has come" he said, "The Kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the good news" "As Jesus walked beside the Sea of Galilee, proclaiming the good news of God, he saw Simon and his brother Andrew casting a net into the sea, as they were fishermen. "Come follow me," Jesus said "and I will make you fishers of men." At once they left their nets and followed him. " When he had gone a little farther, he saw James and his brother John in a boat, preparing their nets. Without delay he called them, and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired men and followed him." Another story that shows an example of Jesus appointing his disciples is shown in Mk 3 13:19. "Jesus went up on a mountainside and called to him those he wanted and they came to him. He appointed twelve and designated them as apostles, that they might be with him and that he might send them out to preach and to have the authority to drive out demons. These are the twelve he appointed; Simon (to whom he gave the name Peter); James son of Zebedee and his brother John (to them he gave the name Boanerges, meaning the Sons of Thunder); Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James Son of Alphaeus, Thaddaeus, Simon the Zealot and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him." In both these stories not one man even hesitated about giving everything they had

Flow over Weir

Introduction A weir is an opening in the sidewall of a tank at top. The stream of liquid coming out the weir is known as a nappe, sheet or vein. There is no difference between a notch and weir except that the former is a small structure and has sharp edges. A weir generally an overflow structure, with a broad crest, build across an open channel. The terms air and weirs are used synonymously in general. The top of weir wall over which the liquid flows is known as the sill or crest. The head under which the weir is discharging is measure from the crest to the free surface.A weir or notch is generally used for measuring the flow of liquids. In this experiment, we ar using the rectangular weir and triangle weir. Rectangular weir and triangular weir (v-notch) ore often used in water supply, wastewater and sewage system. They consists of a sharp edge plane with rectangular and triangular profile for the water flow. Broad-crested weirs can be observed in dam spillways where the broad edge i s beneath the water surface across the entire stream. Flow measurement installations ith broad-crested weirs will meet accuracy requirement only if they are calibrated. objective To determine the characteristics of open channel flow over; * A rectangular notch * A triangular (v-notch) * To determine values of the discharge coefficient for both notches Method General features of the flow can be determined by direct observation. Discharge coefficient values can be determined from measurements of the height of the free surface of water above the notch base and corresponding volume flow rate Equipment In order to complete the experiment, we need a number of pieces of equipment * The F1-10 haudralics bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume collection * The F1-13 stilling baffle The F1-13 rectangular and Vee notch * Vernier Height Gauge (supplied with F1-13) * Stopwatch * Spiril level 4 4 2 2 5 5 8 8 7 7 6 6 3 3 1 1 Figure 1: Flow over Weirs – Figure 2: Flow over Weir s – vee notch weir rectangular notch weir 1 1 5 5 2 2 6 6 Hydraulics BenchBasket of glass spheres 3 3 Weir channelVolumetric measuring tank 4 4 (V) Vee notch weir7 7 Rectangular weir Hook & point gauge Hook Gauge and Scale8 8 There are different shapes of weirs that can be used to measure the volumetric flow rate. These shapes with their dimension are shown in fig 3 below. Figure 3: Details of weirsTechnical Data The following dimension from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculation. If required these values may be checked as part of the experimental procedure and replace with your own measurements. * Width of rectangular notch, b= 0. 030 * Angle of vee notch, o=90 degree Theory Because the depth of flow above the base of notch is related to the volume flow rate through it, the notch forms a useful flow measurement device. The classical result for flow over notch are obtained by an application of the Bernoulli equation, from a point well up stream to a point just above the notch.This approach requires a number of very substantial assumptions and it yields the following results: For Rectangular Notch, the formula is given by; Qt=Cd23b(2g)H32 For Vee-notch, the formula is given by; Qt=Cd815tan(? 2)(2g)H52 Where; Qt= Volume flow rate H = height above notch base B = width of rectangular notch ? = angle of the vee in triangular notch; Cd= the discharge coefficient, which has to be determined by experiment These can be rearrange to give; Cd=3Qt2b2gH32 For rectangular notch Cd=15Qt8tan? 22gH52 Foe vee notch. Discussion.From the experiment, we are about to determine the discharge coefficient of the both rectangular and the triangular notches. The discharge coefficient for the rectangular notch are influence by its H and also its volumetric flow rate while the triangular notch are influence by its o, H and also its volumetric flow rate. From the result, we can see that the volumetric flow rate of both notches are increase. This showed show that the w ater outflow increase as the H increased. These is suppose to happened as, the water level increase, the Water outflow from the notch increase over the time.But from discharged coefficient, we can see that the value of both notches are not stable. This may be from the friction at the head of the notches during the starter of experiment. The friction will affect the time taken to collect 1liter of water for V-notch and 5 litre of water for the Rectangle notch. Thus it will effect the volumetric flow rate and also the discharge coefficient as the volumetric flow rate influence the value of Cd. The aim of this experiment is to determine the value of the discharge coefficient for both notches of rectangular notch and also triangular (V-notch).The discharge coefficient values can be determine from the measurements of the height of free surface of water above the notch base and corresponding volume flow rate For discharge coefficient of Rectangular Notch, the formula is given by; Cd=3Qt2b 2gH32 For discharge coefficient of V-notch, the formula is given by; Cd=15Qt8tan? 22gH52 In comparison, for rectangular notch, the theoretical value of its discharge coefficient, Cd, is ——. However, the experimental value of Cd turns out to be 2. 31. Based on experiment that we conducted, the percentage error for rectangular notch is–.This is due to some errors that ccur during experiment. For example parallax error. However, for V-notch, the theoretical value is —, but theoretical value is—. There is not much of a difference between its theoretical value and actual value. This mean that the flow is laminar, and not much energy is loss through friction. The derivation of values are contributed by the error during handing the experiment, if we take it as overall error, most of error occurred when step of taking the height started. First, we have to careful about the height of datum. For convenience, is is advice that to take your first datum as zero .Other than that, it is also advice that th time should be taken 3 times so that we can take the average so that the error can be minimize. Besides, The theory does not put energy loss or viscosity of the water flow into consideration, but it only depends on the flow rate, the width of the notches and height of the notches. However, in reality, water currents or flow rate may not be constant all the time and it is difficult to maintain the water level height above the notches as what he want. The cross section area over the weir with flowing water at lower rates is small compare to high rates.This is because at lower flow rates, the time for collection of water varies a lot compare to higher flow rates. It require a longer time to collect a specific amount of water to measure the flow rate at lower flow rate due to viscosity of water. Moreover, energy is conserved due to slower speed of flow of water. At higher flow rates, water flowing may already have the energy to create a consta nt water flow. Whereas at an even higher rat, water flow is difficult to control in order for it to be in constant height above notch base because the water current is too high.

Humanitarian Reason by Didier Fassin essays

Humanitarian Reason by Didier Fassin essays Humanism is a concept that is centered in human needs, interests, and the welfare of humans. In other words; humanism is an action verb that is based solely in the assistance of humans by other humans. The concept of humanism has many definitions and variations. However, this concept that I mentioned above is solely in accordance with the topic of this book. I mentioned humanism because the book that I am reviewing is called Humanitarian Reason: A Moral History of the Present by Didier Fassin University of California Press 2011. In this book, Fassin attempts to dissect human behavior and its effect on other humans. He also sought to show that humanitarianism affects both the receiver and the giver(Fassin p.3). The giver often has a psychological need that drives his or her spirit of giving; often this is linked to ones spirituality. In this case your inner sense of being. The humanitarian reason or humanism is the whole reasons dre of our existence. Humanism shows a lack of selfishness; it demonstrates how we care as human beings for other living organisms. Humanitarianism therefore, helps human beings to maintain themselves as having feelings, and emotions that are not instinctual as other organisms. Humanitarianism is not ritualistic and everyone have the opportunity to show that they care in various ways. However, does this mean that humanitarianism should be exercised only in special circumstances such as in disastrous situations as was the case during the recent super storm Sandy in the New York area? Fassin emphasizes the fact that humanitarianism has many facets and it can be approached in many ways. It can simply mean aid as it suites the giver providing the means through which the receiver can experience spiritual, physical and emotional satisfaction such as; the giving of clothes and the restoration of essential necessities in times of needs. This will demonstrate to the receiver that...

THE EFFECT OF STALINS PURGES IN THE 1930S ON THE SOVIET UNIONS FOREIGN POLICY JUST PRIOR TO AND AT THE BREAK OUT OF WORLD WAR II essays

THE EFFECT OF STALINS PURGES IN THE 1930S ON THE SOVIET UNIONS FOREIGN POLICY JUST PRIOR TO AND AT THE BREAK OUT OF WORLD WAR II essays Less than a month before Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 and started World War II, he signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin. Less than two years later, he broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union in the early morning hours of June 22, 1941. There were plenty of evidence for German aggression before the war broke out, yet Stalin nevertheless signed the pact which contained the secret protocol that divided Poland between Germany and the Soviet Union. The reason for signing the pact were complex, yet one of the most important ones were the domestic factors. Among them, the terrible effect of the purges during the 1930s on the population, economy and especially the army. The purges were set off on December 1, 1934 with the murder of Sergei Kirov. He was a member of the Politburo, leader of the Leningrad party apparatus and had considerable influence in the ruling elite. His concern for the workers in Leningrad and his skill as an orator earned him considerable popularity. Stalin used his murder as a pretext for launching a broad purge that would claim hundreds of thousands of victims and have lasting repercussion felt to this day. Stalin never visited Leningrad again and directed one of his most vicious post-War purges against the city Russia's historic window to the West. No segment of the society was left untouched by the purges. Anyone who caused the slightest suspicion was removed and numerous legislature was enacted to help enforce them. In 1935 a law was passed which lowered the age of criminal responsibility. That meant the death penalty could be applied to twelve-year-old children (McCauley, p.93). There was also a panic response in the primary party organizations to expel and "expose" people in order to protect oneself and to show "vigilance" (Getty, p.213) The slaughter of armed forces began on 12 June 1937 when Tukhachevsky and some top army men were executed, then spread to lower ranks and then to p...

Old Trafford stadium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Old Trafford stadium - Essay Example Opened in 1910, Old Trafford was originally intended to hold eighty thousand spectators, making it the second-largest sports ground in the country following Wembley Stadium. All the information regarding events that have occurred in the club’s history, from the club’s founding in 1878 to its activities in present times, is all preserved in the Manchester United Museum whilst the Hall of Fame reveres numerous soccer athletes who have assisted the team, Manchester United, rule the English football league throughout the years. The Trophy Room displays sufficient silver and brass that can try to outshine the Crown Jewels. Introduction: Historical and Cultural setting The Industrial Revolution began in the late 18th century in England but it is a well known fact that from the conclusion of the 18th century, essential economic and social transformation occurred in England. This included: a remarkable increase in countrywide population sizes brought about by a more rapid growt h of existing towns and cities, changing birth and mortality rates predominantly in capital cities Manifestation of new social classes associated to people’s place as workers within the industry or as the owners of industries in the manufacturing process. In addition to the aforementioned reasons for the economic and social developments, progress in transportation and networks of communication also propelled the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution, as noted by historians, was marked by important changes in society, such as, some incorporated advancements in agriculture, such as the implementation of new systems of farming and the creation of new equipment which permitted for an amplified availability of food. Furthermore, there was the expansion of new machinery in industrial manufacture from increases in information that were more often than not the product of informed empiricism and practical experiences. This revolution and its civilization at the time, saw to the spread of the football culture in Britain and consequently to the construction of soccer stadiums. Old Trafford In its initial years, the Manchester United team (Newton Heath) played on various pitches before they moved to North Road Monsall in 1880. This ground was reported to be the worst one in their league; it was enshrouded with the smoke from the nearby industry and the pitch grounds were ranging from gravel to marsh. The original Manchester field opened in 1909, after the Manchester United club relocated from their previous grounds at Bank Lane in Clayton. It had a single covered stand, with room that could allow an individual to stand while watching a game. Despite the inconvenience, the original stadium presented countless luxuries such as attendant, a tea-room with tip-up seats. Following serious financial debt and expenses, Sir John Henry Davies rescued the team from grave bankruptcy and renaming, by giving away a grand total of sixty thousand pounds in 1909 for the acquisition and construction of a site at Trafford Park. The novel ground next to the Bridgewater Canal, which was near the Northern end of Warwick Road. It was complete and ready for utilization on the 22nd of January, 1910 (TheFootyNet). Designed by Scottish architect Archibald Leitch, who planned numerous other stadia, the ground was previously intended to have a carrying capacity of about one thousand people, and featured a covered sitting

Unit 41, unit 38 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Unit 41, unit 38 - Coursework Example Partnership is a type of business entity which is owned and run by two or more individuals, with their personal skills, resources, and money. Also, they share the profit and loss in accordance with stated terms of the partnership agreement. It has limited liability, therefore means if the accompany is in debt or obligation, the shareholders will not be liable for any debts of the company, other than for the value of their investment in that company. A Private Limited Company, also known as the LTD is a type of business entity which offers limited liability for its shareholders. Therefore if the company is in debt, it will only cost it’s investment to pay off the debt and the shareholders will not be liable for any obligation. A Public Limited Company, also known as the PLC is a type of business entity which offers their stock to be able to buy and sell by anyone on a stock exchange. It has unlimited liability, therefore means if the company is in debt or obligation, the shareholders will be liable for the debt and it will extend beyond the investment of the business’s owner to their personal asset. Apple Inc. is an American multinational cooperation that designs, develop, and sells consumers electronics. It belongs to the public sector and is driven by profit from the electronic items that they sell to the public. Apple also consists of a large number of shareholders worldwide, who invest a large amount of money from which they expect a profit. The main attraction to Apple and the way it leads to its success is that they are able to allocate the trend of people’s needs in this modern world, and being able to refurbish existing items such as an ordinary mobile phone into a brand new smart phone with niche function (IPhone). Throughout their development on their products, they have successfully created a niche market of their own and outrun their